Guest Initiated Machine Check Errors
Summary
AMD received a report from the security team at Amazon Web Services (AWS) indicating that it may be possible for guest VMs to cause a crash of a host system. By flooding the host system with a large number of malformed System Management Interrupts (SMIs), it may be possible for a guest VM to trigger a fatal machine check error (MCE) on the host potentially causing a crash resulting in denial of service for all co-located guest VMs.
Please refer to your OEM for the BIOS update specific to your product.
CVE Details
Refer to Glossary for explanation of terms
| CVE | CVE Description | CVSS Score | CVSS Vector |
| CVE-2023-31364 | Improper handling of direct memory writes in the input-output memory management unit could allow a malicious guest virtual machine (VM) to flood a host with writes, potentially causing a fatal machine check error resulting in denial of service. | 8.3 | CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:H |
Affected Products and Mitigation
AMD recommends updating to the Platform Initialization (PI) or Secure Encrypted Virtualization (SEV) firmware version indicated below.
Note: Mitigations were released by AMD to the Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) on the dates listed below. Please contact your OEM for the BIOS update specific to your product(s).
AMD EPYC™ Processors
| Product | Mitigation | Date Fix Released |
| AMD EPYC™ 7001 Series Processors | NaplesPI 1.0.0.R | 2025-07-31 |
| AMD EPYC™ 7002 Series Processors | RomePI 1.0.0.N | 2025-08-14 |
| AMD EPYC™ 7003 Series Processors | MilanPI 1.0.0.H | 2025-09-04 |
| AMD EPYC™ 8004 Series Processors | GenoaPI 1.0.0.G | 2025-06-27 |
| AMD EPYC™ 9004 Series Processors | GenoaPI 1.0.0.G | 2025-06-27 |
| AMD EPYC™ 9005 Series Processors | TurinPI 1.0.0.7 | 2025-09-02 |
AMD Athlon™ and AMD Ryzen™ Processors
| Product | Mitigation | Date Fix Released |
| AMD Athlon™ 3000 Series Mobile Processors with Radeon™ Graphics | No fix planned1 | N/A |
| AMD Ryzen™ 3000 Series Desktop Processors | ||
| AMD Ryzen™ 3000 Series Mobile Processors with Radeon™ Graphics | ||
| AMD Ryzen™ 4000 Series Mobile Processors with Radeon™ Graphics | ||
| AMD Ryzen™ 5000 Series Mobile Processors with Radeon™ Graphics | ||
| AMD Ryzen™ 6000 Series Processors with Radeon™ Graphics | ||
| AMD Ryzen™ 7000 Series Desktop Processors | ||
| AMD Ryzen™ 7020 Series Processors with Radeon™ Graphics | ||
| AMD Ryzen™ 7040 Series Mobile Processors with Radeon™ Graphics | ||
| AMD Ryzen™ 7045 Series Mobile Processors with Radeon™ Graphics | ||
| AMD Ryzen™ 8000 Series Desktop Processors | ||
| AMD Ryzen™ Threadripper™ PRO 3000 WX-Series Processors | ||
| AMD Ryzen™ Threadripper™ PRO 5000 WX-Series Processors |
1 The attack is launched from a harmful virtual machine (VM) that exploits the system's error-handling abilities. These errors happen due to incorrect memory access. This type of attack is not common for client processors.
AMD EPYC™ Embedded Processors
| Product | Mitigation | Release Date |
| AMD EPYC™ Embedded 3000 Series Processors | SnowyOwl_SP4_SP4r2.1.1.0.H | 2025-12-29 |
| AMD EPYC™ Embedded 7002 Series Processors | EmbRomePI-SP3 1.0.0.F | 2025-12-10 |
| AMD EPYC™ Embedded 7003 Series Processors | EmbMilanPI-SP3 v9 1.0.0.C | 2025-10-31 |
| AMD EPYC™ Embedded 8004 Series Processors | EmbGenoaPI-SP5 1.0.0.B | 2025-08-04 |
| AMD EPYC™ Embedded 9004 Series Processors (formerly codenamed "Genoa") | EmbGenoaPI-SP5 1.0.0.B | 2025-08-04 |
| AMD EPYC™ Embedded 9005 Series Processors | EmbTurinPI-SP5 1.0.0.1 | 2025-10-31 |
AMD Ryzen™ Embedded Processors
| Product | Mitigation | Release Date |
| AMD Ryzen™ Embedded 5000 Series Processors | No fix planned1 | N/A |
| AMD Ryzen™ Embedded 7000 Series Processors | ||
| AMD Ryzen™ Embedded 8000 Series Processors | ||
| AMD Ryzen™ Embedded R1000 Series Processors | ||
| AMD Ryzen™ Embedded R2000 Series Processors | ||
| AMD Ryzen™ Embedded V1000 Series Processors (formerly codenamed "Picasso") | ||
| AMD Ryzen™ Embedded V1000 Series Processors (formerly codenamed "Raven Ridge") | ||
| AMD Ryzen™ Embedded V2000 Series Processors | ||
| AMD Ryzen™ Embedded V3000 Series Processors |
1 The attack is launched from a harmful virtual machine (VM) that exploits the system's error-handling abilities. These errors happen due to incorrect memory access. This type of attack is not common for client processors.
Acknowledgement
AMD thanks the following for reporting and engaging in coordinated vulnerability disclosure:
- Bug Bounty researcher “vul_pwner”: CVE-2024-36355, CVE-2025-29950
- Anonymous: CVE-2024-36310
- Zagartdinov Bulat Булат Загартдинов me@vaire.lt: CVE-2025-52533
- Andrei Dulea, Alexander Graf, Tomas Krcka, Asaf Modelevsky and Filippo Sironi of AWS: CVE-2023-31364
- Christopher Thompson, David Daigle, and Shantanu Datar of HPE: CVE-2024-21961: CVE-2024-21961
Internally found: CVE-2024-21953, CVE-2025-0012, CVE-2025-0029, CVE-2025-0031, CVE-2025-29939, CVE-2025-29946, CVE-2025-29948, CVE-2025-29952, CVE-2025-48509, CVE-2025-48514, CVE-2025-48517, CVE-2025-54514, CVE-2025-52534, CVE-2025-52536
Revisions
| Revision Date | Description |
| 2026-02-24 | Initial publication |
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